English Learning Model and Independence of Vocational School Students in the Pandemic Period

Learning independence is one of the important things in a learning process so that students have the responsibility to organize and discipline themselves, in addition to being able to develop learning abilities on their own accord. The problem that occurs at this time is the learning process that has been forced to be carried out at home through online learning, since the Covid 19 pandemic. The purpose of this research is to find out the online learning model of English in vocational high schools throughout the city of Surabaya during the pandemic and how high the influence of the level of independence is. students and the effect of learning models on learning outcomes of English learning at SMK Surabaya City during the pandemic. This research is a quantitative research using a questionnaire for data collection. The population in this study were all English teachers in public and private vocational schools in the city of Surabaya as many as 278 people while the sample of this study was 74 people. The presentation of descriptive analysis in this study is the independent variable (X), the learning model variable (Y), and the learning outcome variable (Z). The results of the analysis in the study showed that the students' independence had an average of 2.93 which was included in the sufficient category. This means that the independence of SMK students throughout the city of Surabaya in learning English during the pandemic is quite good. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the learning model applied during the pandemic in English subjects was good with an average score of 3.15. The coefficient of the learning model variable from the regression analysis is known to be 0.556. This shows that the learning model has a positive effect on learning outcomes. The better the learning model, the higher the learning outcomes produced. The significance value obtained is 0.000, which means that the learning model has a significant effect on learning English outcomes at SMK in Surabaya City during the pandemic.


Introduction
The teaching and learning process for students requires independence which is usually seen from a calm attitude when facing a problem in completing the tasks given by the teacher. Independent learning is needed for every teenager, both students, and students, so that they have the responsibility to organize and discipline themselves, in addition to being able to develop the ability to learn on their own accord (Tahar and Enceng, 2006). Independent learning according to Hadi and Farida (2012) is a learning activity that takes place more driven by one's abilities, own choices, and self-responsibility in learning. This indicates that adolescents have been able to learn independently, namely if they have been able to perform learning tasks without dependence on others.
However, the phenomenon that often occurs among teenagers today is that they are not able to be independent in learning this is due to some negative habits, such as studying only before exams, truancy, cheating, and looking for leaked exam questions.
According to Pratiwi and Laksmiwati (2016), the existence of this phenomenon causes mental disorders that will continue when entering further education. Independent learning itself is very necessary for the higher education system because it will help individuals to learn actively. The development of times requires every individual to be able to develop following changes, one of the areas that have had an impact is the field of education, especially technological developments are supported by the phenomenon that students are closer to smartphones than learning media such as textbooks or the like. Moreover, Indonesia is currently experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic.
However, the phenomenon that often occurs among teenagers today is that they are not able to be independent in learning this is due to some negative habits, such as studying only before exams, truancy, cheating, and looking for leaked exam questions.
According to Pratiwi and Laksmiwati (2016), the existence of this phenomenon causes mental disorders that will continue when entering further education. Independent learning itself is very necessary for the higher education system because it will help individuals to learn actively. lacking. This is evidenced by when the teaching and learning process there are students who are less responsive and act indifferent when given assignments, there are some who do not collect because too many assignments have been given or the reason is that they do not have internet quota. In addition, based on the value of student learning outcomes in the form of daily tests, assignments, mid-semester assessments, and final semester assessments, there are still many students who get scores below the KKM (Minimum Completeness Criteria). Therefore, the researcher conducted a study to know how high the level of influence of student independence in learning English in Surabaya City Vocational Schools was during the pandemic and the influence of learning models on online learning outcomes of English learning in Surabaya City Vocational High Schools during the pandemic. This research is expected to be a recommendation to determine the next step in learning to grow the learning independence of SMK students towards English subjects.

Independent learning
Independence is very closely related to everyday life. The existence of independence in a person will determine the actions taken by that person will act good or bad. This also occurs in the world of education, in the context of the teaching and learning process a student is required to learn independently and not depend on others. Rusman (2014) revealed that the most important thing in the independent learning process is to see the improvement of students' abilities and skills in the teaching and learning process without the help of others. In independent learning, students will try to understand the content of the lesson by themselves, if they have difficulty, then students discuss it with the teacher.
In an independent study, students are free to determine the direction, plans, sources, and decisions to achieve academic goals. Rusman (2014) says that independent students have characteristics, including 1) students already know for sure what they want to achieve in their learning activities, 2) students can choose their learning resources, 3) students can already assess the level of ability needed to carry out work or solve problems encountered in life.

Online learning model or E-learning
Online learning is a learning method that is carried out interactively through media such as video conferencing (Fauzi, 2020). Another definition of online learning is a learning method that uses an interactive Internet-based model and a Learning Management System (LMS). Like using Zoom, Google Meet, Google Drive, and so on. Online activities include webinars, online classes, all activities are carried out using the internet and computer networks (Hasibuan et al., 2019). While the definition of elearning according to Michael (2013) e-learning is learning that is structured to use an electronic system or also a computer so that it can support a learning process.

Methods
This research is explanatory research using a quantitative approach. According to Sugiyono (2016) that explanatory research is research that intends to explain the position of the variables studied and the relationship between one variable and another. After the data is collected, data analysis will be carried out. Technical Analysis of the data used in this study is univariate statistics and inferential statistics. Univariate statistics are used to describe or describe each variable that can be seen based on the frequency and percentage of respondents' answers.
Meanwhile, statistical inference is used to see the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. In addition, multiple linear regression (multiple regression) assisted by the SPSS program is also used.

Multiple linear regression analysis
The interpretation of the regression model is the coefficient of the student independence variable is known to be 0.228. This shows that student independence has a positive effect on learning outcomes. The higher the student's independence, the higher the learning outcomes produced. The significance value obtained is 0.002, which means that student independence has a significant effect on learning English outcomes at SMKs throughout the city of Surabaya during the pandemic. The variable coefficient of the learning model is known to be 0.556.
This shows that the learning model has a positive effect on learning outcomes. The better the learning model, the higher the learning outcomes produced.
The significance value obtained is 0.000, which means that the learning model has a significant effect on learning English outcomes at SMK in Surabaya City during the pandemic.
The last stage is to calculate the coefficient of determination (Test R2). The R2 test is used to measure how far the model's ability to explain the variation of the dependent variable is. In this study, the coefficient of determination uses the adjusted R2 value. The following are the results of calculations using SPSS: The results of this study are supported by relevant theories and research, one of which is research conducted by Tirtarahardja and Sulo (2005) which states that learning independence is defined as a learning activity that takes place more driven by one's own will, own choice, and accompanied by a sense of responsibility from oneself. learner. Students who have high learning independence will be able to make decisions in the learning process so that they can account for the decisions taken to achieve their learning achievements. Learning independence is a factor in the success of student learning, and is very important so that it must be the attention of the parties involved in the world of education (Yamin, 2013). Independent learning is learning that is carried out by students freely determining their learning goals, learning directions, planning the learning process, learning strategies, using learning resources of their choice, making academic decisions, and carrying out activities to achieve learning goals.

The influence of learning models on learning outcomes
The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the learning model applied during the pandemic in English subjects was good with an average score of 3.15. The coefficient of the learning model variable from the regression analysis is known to be 0.556.
This shows that the learning model has a positive effect on learning outcomes. The better the learning model, the higher the learning outcomes produced.
The significance value obtained is 0.000, which means that the learning model has a significant effect on learning English outcomes at SMK in Surabaya 228 City during the pandemic.
Online learning is an educational innovation that involves elements of information technology in learning. According to Hasanah et al (2020) that online learning is a distance education system with a set of teaching methods where there are teaching activities that are carried out separately from learning activities. online learning is held through internet and web 2.0 networks (Fitriyani et al., 2020), meaning that the use of online learning involves elements of technology as a means and internet network as a system. Online learning has been widely practiced, as evidenced by several studies that explain this (Crews & Parker, 2017), online learning provides benefits in helping provide access to learning for everyone, thereby removing physical barriers as a factor for learning in the classroom (Riaz, 2018), even this is seen as something effective to implement, but according to Pilkington, (2018) it is undeniable that not all learning can be transferred to an online learning environment.

Conclusion
Based on the description of the results and research, it can be concluded that the independence of SMK students, learning models from English, and the learning outcomes of SMK students in Surabaya City in learning English during the pandemic are quite good. In addition, based on the results of calculations using SPSS, it is known that the level of independence affects the learning outcomes of online English learning in vocational schools throughout the city of Surabaya during the pandemic. The learning model has an effect on the learning outcomes of online English learning at SMKs throughout the city of Surabaya during the pandemic.